Fig. 2
Effects of long-term aerobic exercise on vascular contraction with or without PVAT. a-d Concentration–response curves to PE in NC, NE, HC, and HE for aortic with or without PVAT. e Summarized pEC50 values obtained from concentration–response curves to PE. f Summarized Emax values of PE induced contraction. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 3–6). Differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by LSD; a paired t-test was used to compare the vascular contractions with and without PVAT from the same intervention group; * indicates P < 0.05. PVAT perivascular adipose tissue, PVAT + aortic rings with PVAT, PVAT- aortic rings without PVAT, PE phenylephrine, Emax maximum contraction, expressed as a percentage of KCl-induced maximum contractibility, pEC50 potency values, the negative logarithm of the 50% maximal effective concentration of PE, NC normal diet control group, NE normal diet exercise group, HC high-fat diet control group, HE high-fat diet exercise group